Kasym Sheikh became famous for his peacekeeping activities during the internecine struggle for power in Maveranahr. He helped the future ruler Abdullah Khan II (1557-1598, the khan of all Uzbeks since 1583), in the fight against the combined forces of Samarkand, Tashkent and Turkestan. Kasym sheikh participated in military operations to defend the fortress, hid the royal family and their servants in the depths of the fortress.

In 1579 Kasim Shaykh died for unknown reasons and was buried in the center of the Khazira. Above his grave was installed a large dachma (tombstone) made of marble. Many scholars claim that the first building on the territory of the mausoleum was built by Kassym Sheikh himself and until his death served as a madrasah. There is some evidence that this building served as a mosque (namazgoh). It held mass prayers for Ramadan-hait and Qurban-Hayit.

A year later, the burial place of Kasim Sheikh was visited by Abdullah Khan II, he held a wake and started the construction of the Khanako (pilgrimage site) next to the Khazira. Later, near the burial of Kasim Sheikh, his followers were buried.

By the end of the 16th century a mosque was built. When building the mosque, burnt bricks were used. The building itself has the shape of a square with a large dome. Three of the four sides of the mosque are façade, with vaulted portals typical of the Islamic architecture of the Middle Ages.

In 1910 the last ruler of Bukhara emir Abd al-Ahad (born in 1885) died. He was also buried near the mausoleum of Kasim Sheikh. First, the emir was buried in a brick sagan to the west of the Khazir Kasim-sheikh. After a while, a marble tombstone (dahma) was installed. Construction work was conducted throughout the year. During this time the yard of the ensemble was enlarged.

In addition, on the main facade of the Khazir Abd al-Ahad, a niche of mihrabs and entrances to the hudjras were built. To the south of the mosque was built a stone courtyard, which can accommodate up to 2000 people.

Currently, the historical and architectural ensemble of Kasm Sheikh also includes a museum collection of 2000 artifacts, a room for ritual dinners (ehshonehana), a room for the imam of the mosque and a small orchard.

The central facade of the mosque has a high portal with a lot of decorative arches and inscriptions in Arabic. The dome of the mosque is mounted on a drum and has a majolica lining of turquoise color. Inside the mosque are all the walls, columns and portals of white with carved plaster ornament.

Nearest historical monuments: Mausoleum Mir Said Bakhrom, Sardoba Malik, caravan shed Rabat-i Malik

Khudoyar Khan was the last ruler of the Kokand Khanate, who remained in power for 30 years. Khudoyar Khan became the ruler of the Kokand Khanate when he was 12 years old, over a rather long period of his reign, he was repeatedly deprived of power, and each time he again won it, thereby leaving a big mark in history.

Kokand «Urda» was 7th according to the account of the Khan’s castle. It was built at the last stage of the rule of Khudoyar Khan. According to some reports, the architect of the palace was a certain Fergana master Mir Ubaidulla. Many masters from different cities of the Kokand Khanate were brought to build the seventh Khan’s castle. The new Khan’s castle was to surpass the beauty and richness of the decoration of all other castles, affirming the power of Khudoyar Khan.

After completion of the construction the castle occupied an area of ​​4 hectares. The inner part of the castle consisted of 7 small yards. In total there were about 199 rooms in the building. All the rooms of the castle were decorated with openwork carving on ganch, ornamental painting with tempera paints and gilded cornices.
The palace was built on a 3 meter platform. The main entrance had a wonderful portal decorated with majolica facing. The portal contained an inscription in Arabic with the following content: «Great Said Muhammad Khudoyar Khan». In addition to the main entrance led ramp. Around the palace was installed two fences — internal and external.

At present, only two courtyards, 19 rooms and a facade part that is 70 meters long remain from the once powerful construction. Inside the castle there is a mosque, a local history museum and a cemetery of the Kokand khans.

The first part includes a small lake and a holy spring with spring water. The beauty of the nature of this place surprises the human eye. A large number of trees have turned the lake area into a large green park. On the shores of the lake there is a large number of viewing areas from which you can admire the landscapes of this place. In the lake you can see floating black fish. These fish are considered sacred and listed in the red book of the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Not far from the lake is a holy spring which is also called Saad Ibn Abu Vacukos, and from which pure spring water flows into the lake.

The second part of the memorial complex forms the mausoleum of Saad Ibn Abu Vakkos, towering above the lake. It is known that Saad Ibn Abu Vakkos was a resident of Mecca and in 1616 he was appointed a conductor of the Arab army, which Khalif Umar ibn Khattoba sent to Iran and Movarounnahr to conquer these lands.

The mausoleum was built in the early 19th century. The builders of this mausoleum were well-known Jizzakh masters, Usto Komil, Usto Kobil, Usto Zuhur and Usto Mirziyo. The mausoleum has the form of a regular quadrangle, above which rises a turquoise dome.

Currently, this complex attracts hundreds of tourists. A large number of wedding couples, visit this place for the purpose of being photographed near the famous architectural complex.

According to the idea-hypothesis, in the territory of Uzbekistan once sat the Atlanteans, who possessed the art of controlling the energy of thought, one of which was Shaykh Khoja. In the book «Manokibi Khoja Kabul Ahbor Vali» it is said that in the people he was called Abu Ishok, he was a native of the ancient genus Aude, had 2 wives and 8 children. Sheikh Hoxha was very tall — about 13 meters, and he lived more than 4000 years! It is believed that the worship of his grave is tantamount to seven hajjs to Mecca. The most interesting thing is that Sheikh Khoja served at once 4 prophets — David, Moses, Jesus and Muhammad. In doing so, he studied the sacred books of three religions: Judaism — the Talmud, Christianity — the Old Testament and the Bible, Islam — the Koran.  At the meeting with David Sheikh, Khoja was awarded a unique gift — to transmit information about these sacred books from generation to generation. For this he was nicknamed «the man of all religions». When the Arab wars with the infidels began on the territory of the ancient Maverananra, he stood at the head of the army. And during one of the next clashes in 652, the great Khoja Kabul tragically died.

It is worth noting that the ancient family of Sheikh Hoxha-Od is very often mentioned in the surahs of the Koran. Representatives of this kind were very tall, superhuman qualities and, it is possible that they possessed the energy of thought, which enabled them to consider themselves demigods, they even could not recognize God! However, this played with them in a cruel joke, eventually all representatives of this genus were destroyed, and the oldest genus Aude ceased to exist.

So, to test this idea-hypothesis and explore the burial of the great Sheikh Khodja Kabul Akhbor Vali, on August 16, 2003 a scientific expedition led by MK Sharipov was organized.

In the burial study, geodesic specialists used a special device called 81K-2 (georadar), which allows the method of electromagnetic examination to study earth ground for the presence of foreign objects up to 60 meters. According to the results of the research, the following data were established: in the grave there are really huge bones that once formed a single whole. Some of the bone fragments located there had a length of 2.5 to 6 m. However, the structure of the object was destroyed.  According to local residents, it was determined that in 1982 Ukrainian archaeologists partially opened the burial of Sheikh Khoja. Eyewitnesses say that they saw archaeologists getting out of burial a rib bone, the length of which was 70-80 cm, a jug and 4 old books. To date, the fate of these items is unknown. However, the results of the 2003 expedition gave good reasons to believe that Sheikh Khodja Kabul Ahbor Vali is still a descendant of the great Atlanteans …

Nearest historical monuments: Citadel Arc

The Ulugbek Observatory occupies a special place among the historical and archeological monuments of Uzbekistan and Samarkand. Observatory is located near the Chupanatinsk mountains. In 1902, the great Russian archaeologist and historian Vyatkin VL discovered the remnants of the observatory on one of the hills of the Uplands of Kuhak. Later another prominent archaeologist, VA Shishkin, continued excavations, discovered the foundation of the building and performed the reconstruction of the observatory.

Initially, the observatory was a three-storey cylindrical building. The height of the observatory’s building was 30.4 meters and its diameter was 46.6 meters. In the central part of the observatory was a grand sectarian in the form of a large arc. The radius of the sectarian’s circumference was 40 meters, and the length was 63 meters. The sectarian was the main measuring instrument of the observatory, it determined the finding of celestial bodies and other basic quantities of astronomy.

The arc of the sectarian is limited by two marble barriers, on which are divided divisions and figures, as on each degree of the circle. Each degree of sectarian had a distance of 70 centimeters. In addition, on the sides were built brick stairs. Surprising is that the sectarian is precisely oriented from north to south along the meridian.
At present, from the once majestic structure, only the entrance portal and the underground part of the sectarian, which is 11 meters, remained.

It was with the help of the sectarian Mirzo Ulugbek that he created his famous «Astronomical Tables», which enjoyed great fame throughout Central Asia and for very long remained unsurpassed in accuracy.

It should be noted that in this observatory worked great scientific astronomers of the time Jemshid Kashi, Kazy-zade Rumi, Ali Kushchi and others.

After the death of Ulugbek in 1449, the observatory ceased to function and after several decades was dismantled in bricks for the construction of another structure.

Near the observatory a small museum was built and a monument to Mirzo Ulugbek was erected.

An approximate date for the construction of the Tashmechet is considered to be the 16th century. Scientists conducted a lot of research and excavation around this mosque. But, unfortunately the information on this structure is very small. The mosque is a quadrangular building above which a dome rises.

The walls are made of burnt square bricks in conjunction with a solution of ganch. From two sides the mosque is surrounded by a three-rowed gallery, which is supported by brick columns. Spherical conical gallery overlap is based on single thyroid sails. The lining of the large dome is made of square bricks.

The interior of the mosque has preserved traces of past decorative design. On the ceiling there are semi-octagonal niches, on the walls there were fragments of painting with geometric ornamentation, on the entrance wall there remained a decorative cornice, located not at the height of the person’s eyes.

From the left of the mosque is located a minaret. This minaret was erected in the 18th century and was intended to call believers for Friday prayers. The height of the minaret is 24 meters, and the diameter of the base is 3.65 meters. The minaret has a round-barreled form and is decorated with patterned brickwork. The trunk of the minaret is crowned with a lantern with 8 arched apertures and stalactites.

According to local residents, earlier this complex included madrassas, baths and a number of hujras. Information about the Mazar is absent, but in the 50s of the 20th century, judging by the old photo, near the mosque was a cemetery.

During excavations it was established that the defensive walls of the city had a rectangular shape. In the northern part of the city there was a palace. The palace of the ruler consisted of three round towers and living quarters. The height of the highest tower was 30 meters and had 3 floors. In the center of the city was a temple of fire, from which a central road ran in two directions, dividing the city into two parts. From the road there were small alleys that led to small residential quarters. All buildings were made of clay.

Until 305, Toprak-kala was the capital of the state of Khorezmshah. After the fall of the state of Khorezmshah, the city gradually began to leave the local nobility and common people, which led to the devastation of the city.

During excavations by archeologists from the expedition of SPTolstov, many coins, various ornaments of gold, silver and copper were discovered; ceramic products and dishes ;, woolen and silk fabrics. In addition, archaeologists have discovered a workshop for the production of famous Khorezm bows.

It should be noted that Toprak-Kala is known not only for finds and amazing structures. On the territory of the site there were also found fragments of ancient Khorezmian writing. So in one of the towers of the palace, scientists discovered documents in the ancient Khorezmian language written in black ink on the skin and on wooden plaques.

About this historical personality there is very little information. It is known that he was born in a village, which is somewhere near Samarkand. When he moved from Samarkand to Bukhara, he got to Carmine and lived the rest of his life in this city.

Khodja Khusrava was considered an intelligent and resourceful person. He was a famous scientist and one of the propagandists of the Naqshbandiya tariqa. The main purpose of his teaching was the restoration of the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad. He was also credited with supernatural abilities, there is a legend that he could control natural phenomena.

Some historical information and traditions about the life, activity and supernatural miraculous power of Khoja Khusrava are given in the book «Bahauddin balkhardon» by Abul Musin Muhammad Bokir ibn Muhammad Ali.

Khoja Khusraw was buried in 400-500 meters from the mausoleum of Kassym Sheikh. The inhabitants of the city greatly esteemed and respected this man and in his memory built a mosque. This mosque could accommodate more than 1000 people. A cemetery near the mosque was called the cemetery of Khoja Khusrava. During the Soviet era, the mosque was destroyed. Miraculously survived the mausoleum.

During the years of independence the mausoleum was restored and is now a well-maintained memorial complex.

Nearest historical monuments: Mausoleum of Kassym Sheikh, Mausoleum of the World Said Bakhrom.

The ensemble includes several religious buildings: a mausoleum, a mosque and Hanako. All the structures were built along the perimeter of a long narrow courtyard. In total, the complex includes 43 historical and architectural monuments, which are located on an area of ​​4 hectares. The first two mausoleums were built on the territory of the complex, which were united by a vaulted terrace (aivan).

The first mausoleum was built in the 11th century. This mausoleum belongs to the founder of the Termez clan Said Khasan al Emir. The building of the mausoleum was made of burnt bricks. Above the roof of the building towered a large dome, which kept on the archways made in the form of sails. The dome itself was erected on the «herringbone» technique and had a majolica lining. In addition, there is a huge portal, which rises to fifteen meters.

At the beginning of the 12th century, another mausoleum was built near the mausoleum of Hasan al-Emir. Near the southern mausoleum was also erected ayvannaya mosque. This mausoleum was also made of burnt bricks.

In the middle of the 15th century, several new buildings were erected around two mausoleums. In the later centuries, on the territory of the complex, Honako and many small mausoleums of Emirs of the ruling dynasties are being built.

Silica Mines of Uchtut are the most ancient monument of human life, which is located in the mountains of Karatau Navbokhor district of Navoi region. According to archaeologists 200-100 thousand years ago Neanderthal man (paleanthrope) mined silicon in this area. It is precisely known that until the end of the Iron Age, ancient people mined silicon in the southern part of the Karatau mountains in the Uchtuta deposit.

This deposit was called Uchtut due to a small village, which is located just below the silicon field.

Initially, for the extraction of silicon, people used a large river pebble, which was used as a bump. Silicon, obtained in this way was of poor quality, was dry, quickly cracked and most of the silicon was broken during extraction. Already from the late Paleolithic era, primitive people began to dig the right part of the breed with wooden sticks, and then with wet hoes they received moist silicon. The hoes were made from hardwood trees and Bukhara deer horns.

Already in the Neolithic age, an ancient man begins digging mines for the extraction of silicon. The mines had several branches and branched in different directions, often with the mines being connected to each other by corridors.

In the territory of the Uchtut deposit there are a lot of stone tools, which are similar to the tools of the Kaltaminar culture (the Neolithic culture of hunters and fishermen which was common in the 7-4 millennium BC)

To date, scientists have studied 48 ancient mines in the Uchtuta deposit. In all the mines, about 8,000 holes were found from the removed silicon (silicon nodule). The average weight of the nodules that the primitive people extracted was 35-45 kilograms.

Thus, the deposit of Uchtuta with its mines was a unique primitive industrial center of analogs, which was not found in all of Central Asia.

Nearest historical monuments: Gorge «Sarmysh» and the sacred spring «Chashma».